The Welfare System For Government Aid - 1704 Words

If you have a job and pay taxes, do you ever wonder where your hard earned money ends up? You probably would think that it goes to someone on welfare, who is trying to succeed in their life, trying to make ends meet and might need a little financial help. In other words, someone who really needs it, but unfortunately it usually ends up in the hands of people who take advantage of the welfare system, and takes the opportunity to purchase drugs and/or drug paraphernalia. To avoid situations like this, welfare recipients should be tested monthly for drugs to make sure they are not cheating the welfare system for government aid. â€Å"The testing is meant to assure taxpayers their money isn t being wasted on the less desirable, those who†¦show more content†¦It is unconstitutional to test for drugs, yes it is true that welfare recipients are no more likely to use drugs than the rest of the full time/ part time employed population. â€Å"According to the U.S. Department of Heal th and Human Services, a urine drug screen costs between $25 and $44 dollars each† (Overman 2013). Also in the state of Florida, during a trial-run, everyone that was applying for TANF had to pay for his or her own drug test, however it was reimbursed 100% if they passed the drug screening. So in the long run, if you don t abuse drugs, and to make sure you can keep your benefits, than you really have nothing to lose, other than the cost of the test. Adding to what is mentioned above, back in 2011 welfare recipients in Florida had to undergo a screening for illegal drug use, a law Gov. Rick Scott said it would â€Å"increase personal accountability and prevent Florida s tax dollars from subsidizing drug addiction(Scott 2011). However, the American Civil Liberties Union of Florida (ACLU of Florida) threatened to sue to block the measure, claimed it gave the name ugly legitimacy to stereotypes of welfare recipients. Adding to the facts above, the Florida Department of Children and Family Services required drug

Mr X case study - 2079 Words

In this essay I will be exploring the various issues raised when a therapist initially meets a new client, including ascertaining personal circumstances and applying ethical and safe practice. I will also be looking at the importance of communication and understanding between client and practitioner. When a therapist first meets with a new client, it is necessary to establish several things in order to know whether they can work together. These include background and personal circumstances of the client, previous experiences (if any) of therapy, medical and psychiatric history and very importantly, why they are seeking therapy. This first conversation is also an opportunity for the client†¦show more content†¦This initial process will also serve to allow the client to gain enough information about the practitioner that they feel comfortable and confident in their abilities to help them. This will be achieved through a combination of clear information given about the practice itself and the rapport and trust the client feels with the therapist. If there is no rapport or potential for a trusting relationship between the two, the therapy will be ineffective. It’s a therapist’s responsibility to know when they are not in a position to work with a client, for any reason. A therapist should conduct this initial process by ‘setting the scene’ for how future sessions will look and feel. This can be achieved by setting the room in a comfortable and professional way and, for example, establishing where the client will sit, for every session, to create familiarity and routine. The use of music or room scents is sometimes a preferred option of therapists, but is a personal choice and not necessarily always a good idea as individual people associate sounds and smells in different ways and this can not only predetermine a client’s feelings but could actually create negativity, depending on their association and response to it. ItSho w MoreRelatedCase Study of Mr X4288 Words   |  18 PagesESSAY TITLE â€Å"Using the case study provided at the end of the module identify and explain the client’s issues and devise a course of treatment for him taking into account any ethical issues† Introduction - Mr X case study Mr X is 45 and has worked for the same company for 18 years. He is not married but has a â€Å"sort of girlfriend†. His mother is in a home and he visits her regularly, due to this he is unable to socialize with his colleagues. He would like to apply for a manager’sRead MoreUsing the Case Study of Mr. X, Identify and Explain the Client’s Issues and Devise a Course of Treatment for Him, Taking Into Account Any Ethical Issues2305 Words   |  10 PagesUsing the Case Study of Mr. X, Identify and Explain the Client’s Issues and Devise a Course of Treatment for him, Taking into Account any Ethical Issues In this essay I shall be explaining the issues Mr X has expressed, as I have understood them, as expounding the presented issue with the client in such a manner is also crucial to gaining clarity and building rapport. I shall then cover any ethical considerations that need to be accounted for and then seek to devise a relevant course of treatmentRead MoreA Culturally Competent Health Care System1586 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequences. A conclusion reached in a study (Palafox et al., 2002) states, culture influences the outcome of medical examination and; therefore, it is vital to provide culturally competent health care services. Cultural competency is especially important in the context of radiographic examination due to the variety of culturally different patients a radiographer comes in contact. The following case study effectively highlights the impact of cultural competency. Mrs. X is 55 years old, female Muslim patientRead MoreRisk Management And Boundaries Case Study1256 Words   |  6 Pages Risk Management and Boundaries case study Name: Delsie Henry Course: School: Kaplan University Date: October 3, 2017 â€Æ' Risk management and Boundaries. The context to which human services are delivered is totally different in today’s world. We observe that there are so many different methods of communication that can occur between human services professional and clients. First there was the writing letters, phone calls or direct face to face communication would have been as the main methods ofRead MorePacific Healthcare Case Study1091 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study One Case Name: Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts Pacific Healthcare is the largest health care provider in Santa Barbara Country. Pacific Memorial, Pacific Cabrillo, and Pacific Isla Vista along with two nursing homes and ten outpatient clinics are all linked to Pacific Healthcare. Altogether, there are over 1,500 beds. Barney Rubble, the Pacific’s corporate director of supply management, is in charge of procuring supplies for all Pacific Healthcare subordinates. The director ofRead MorePacific Healthcare Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesPacific Healthcare Case Study Introduction to Supply Chain Management TLMT 313 B001 Sum 12 Michael Upshaw July 15, 2012 Pacific Healthcare I. Major Facts †¢ Pacific Healthcare is the largest health care provider in Santa Barbara County. The institution consists of three hospitals: Pacific Memorial (415 beds), Pacific Cabrillo (250 beds), and Pacific Isla Vista (300 beds); also included are two nursing homes and tenRead MorePacific Healthcare Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesPACIFIC HEALTHCARE CASE STUDY 1 Pacific Healthcare American Public University System Professor Wade Keith Pacific Healthcare: I. Major Facts Mr. Howell, the director of radiology for Pacific Healthcare has passed away. He was in charge of the supplier section of X ray film. Mr. Howell would not authorize the use of any X ray film other than Kodak. Barney Rubble is the corporate director of supply management for PacificRead MoreSleep Well Motel1261 Words   |  6 Pagesaged retired couples, and young budget minded travelers. Sleep Well Motel is owned by Mr. Bennington. He considers selling the Sleep Well Motel property since he recently lost his wife in a tragic car accident. Since that time he had been unable to concentrate, failed to keep as close watch on the business and now wanted to return home state of Illinois to be near his son’s family. In April of 1980, Mr. Will Shelton received information from the owner of a motel that was for sale. After skimmingRead MorePresence Of Kamin s Blocking Effect On Humans1684 Words   |  7 Pagessecondary CS that is associated with the US is paired with the CS. This study investigates whether the blocking effect, already well-established as being present in animals, can also be evidence with human subjects. Participants of the experiment were asked to view a stimulus presentation and provide answers as to which outcome they expected from certain foods being consumed in regard to causing an allergic reaction in the patient, Mr X. They were then asked to provide probability ratings as to how likelyRead MoreCase: Coal and Variance1124 Words   |  5 PagesMain Issue and Problems Based on this case, the main issue is regarding to the company performance that not shows the positive performance of the company in the financial results. The issue is related on how Mr. Tan have to do in order to show that the company is still in a good performance. There is also an issue regarding to their supplier, Pingdingshan that supply a low quality coal but in a higher price than the prior year. Therefore, in our case study, we conclude that we need to do a variance

The Epic of Gilgamesh Values, Serpents vs. Bible Free Essays

The True Value of Life Sometimes, in order for you to change, it takes losing something so dear to you. This is proven in one of the oldest stories ever written, â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†. Although the main plot is focused on Gilgamesh losing is closest friend and going on a journey of immortality, by studying Gilgamesh’s idea of avoiding death, we can see throughout the story that death is inevitable, lack of humility is an issue, and the symbol of the serpent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Epic of Gilgamesh: Values, Serpents vs. Bible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, is a mighty king that built magnificent temple towers and high walls that surrounded the city. However, he came about these building projects by forced labor. The gods heard the people of Uruk’s pleas, so the gods created Enkidu, who is just as magnificent as Gilgamesh, to challenge him. The gods’ plan took a different turn when the two became best of friends. Gilgamesh’s happy adventurous life soon takes a tragic turn when Enkidu falls ill and dies. Gilgamesh now fears for his own life. Heartbroken, Gilgamesh sets out on a journey to find the key to eternal life. His journey leads him to Utnapishtim, who he and his family’s lives were spared by Ea, the god of wisdom, from the flood. As a result of this, Enlil, the god of earth, rewards Utnapishtim with eternal life. Gilgamesh assumes Utnapishtim can grant him eternal life as well, so he puts him to a test. Gilgamesh has to stay awake for a week; this is a trick because immortals don’t ever sleep. Gilgamesh immediately fails. As a second chance Utnapishtim gives him a plant of youth. On his journey back home a snake steals the plant while Gilgamesh is in the pond. Gilgamesh returns to Uruk empty handed; however, he returns as a different man. The greatest lesson Gilgamesh learns is that death is inescapable. Siduri, the goddess of wine disguised as the tavern keeper, warns him of seeking immortality. â€Å"As for you, Gilgamesh, let your belly be full, make merry day and night. Of each day make a feast of rejoicing. Day and night dance and play! Let your garments be sparkling fresh, your head be washed; bathe in water. Pay heed to a little one that holds on to your hand, let a spouse delight in your bosom† (Tablet X). This is her telling him it would be pointless and to just enjoy what he has in his life now. It was Enkidu’s fate to die as a consequence after him and Gilgamesh killed the Bull of Heaven. Gilgamesh realizes in the end that it is also man’s fate to die, as it is for humankind to live on. Death is inevitable and immortality is promised only to the gods. Life must be treasured. Life isn’t worth living if you don’t take what is has to offer, for death will come faster than you know. Gilgamesh may have started his quest as two-thirds god and one-third man, but he returned as a man, realizing his own inevitable mortality. From being two-thirds god and one-third man, Gilgamesh is destined for perfection. He is blessed with the luxurious life and all the riches he could possibly want. Unfortunately his greatest flaw is his arrogance and lack of humility. Gilgamesh was created by the gods to be perfect in every way. However, the gods couldn’t prepare him for life, its challenges, and how to be a true king. Gilgamesh lived like a god amongst his people and was hated for it because he didn’t care about anyone but himself. The gods didn’t know what to do with Gilgamesh’s life so they sent Enkidu which gave him true friendship. Gilgamesh started in the story as a cruel king that used forced labor to build his kingdom and would rape women. He would do whatever he wanted to do and get who and whatever he wanted. He was loathed by his people. The first transition to his change was Enkidu. They both became heroes. When his journey ends he returns to his kingdom as a new selfless man who thinks no more than do right by his people. Serpents play similar but at the same time different roles in Gilgamesh and the Bible. In the story of Gilgamesh the serpent changes Gilgamesh’s perception of life. After his long quest he is given an herb that restores his youth. He hasn’t yet used it when a snake steals it. Though the snake robs Gilgamesh of his chance to enjoy youth again, it restores Gilgamesh’s sanity. The snake is a benefit. Gilgamesh now carries back the gift of wisdom. He now focuses on what is in front of him and doesn’t take life for granted. In the Bible, the serpent is a source of evil that brought life-long punishment to humankind. The serpent tempts Adam and Eve to disobeying God into taking what rightfully belongs to God – knowledge. As punishment, God exiles Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden and brands them as sinners. The serpent stole their innocence, so in a way the serpent brought both death and knowledge into the world. As descendent of Adam and Eve we also hold the name as a sinner. â€Å"This is the wall of Uruk, which no city on earth can equal. See how its ramparts gleam like copper in the sun. Climb the stone staircase, more ancient than the mind can imagine a temple that no king has equaled in size or beauty, walk on the wall of Uruk, follow its course around the city, inspect its mighty foundations examine its brickwork, how masterfully it is built, observe the land it encloses† (Book XI). Shortly before Gilgamesh’s eyes truly opened he was in despair because he lost his opportunity of immortality when he lost the plant of youth. In the end as he looked upon his kingdom he established wisdom. He realized that death cannot be avoided, and he became a humble king. If it wasn’t for the serpent he would still be the arrogant king he was and he wouldn’t have gain this knowledge. If the serpent didn’t bring along the idea of eating off the tree of knowledge, Adam and Eve would still be in the Garden of Eden and wouldn’t have the knowledge of the world. How to cite The Epic of Gilgamesh: Values, Serpents vs. Bible, Papers

Basics of Strategic Planning and Management

Question: Discuss about the Basics of Strategic Planning and Management. Answer: Introduction The company, Fortescue Metals Group Limited is situated in the Pilbara area of Western Australia. The company is primarily involved in the business of shipping iron ore to China. The partnership has been a win-win situation for all concerned parties. The Chinese government is heavily dependent on the iron ore being exported from Australia by the Fortesxue metal groups limited. The company has also grown significantly since inception in 2003, owing to the volume of iron ore being exported to the peoples republic of china. The Australian Economy has benefited from the huge employment opportunities provided by the company as well as through the royalty revenues being paid to the government. Company Positioning The company is a start-up that commenced operations in 2003. It has positioned itself to tap into the market for exporting the iron ore to China. The increasing demand for iron ore in China, has fueled several exciting opportunities for the company which is also helping to improve the employment opportunities for residents of Western Australia. BHP Billiton Ltd, Rio Tinto Ltd and Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd are the primary operators in the Pilbara area of Western Australia. Fortescue Metals Group Limited is a start-up that has been able to capitalize on the extensive market for Australian Iron ore in China. Industry Analysis The mining industry in Western Australia is one of the biggest contributors of revenue as well as employment opportunity provider in the country (Australianmining.com.au, 2016). The huge potential for iron ore in various parts of Western Australia is helping several start-ups like Fortescue Metals Group Limited to emerge as the centre of the economic growth story being charted in Western Australia. The Under the guidance of its chairperson Mr. Andrew Forrest, the Fortescue Metals Group Limited, aims to carve a niche in the iron ore export industry. The Company is catering to the increased demands of Australian iron ore in China and anticipates a significant growth in exports in line with the Chinese initiatives to improve the living conditions of its rural population and relocate them to urban areas with improved conveniences and infrastructure. Mission The company mission is to increase its exports of iron ore and thus improve the profits of all stakeholders. The company looks at increasing its employment base in tune with its growth and thus providing greater employment opportunities for people in Australia. Since Australians employed in the Mining industry tend to be less mobile, the employment opportunities offered by the Fortescue Metals Group Limited would be vested with the natives of Western Australia. The company intends to grow significantly by tapping into the huge mineral reserves in Western Australia. In line with its present growth trajectory, the company is expected to continue with its significant contribution to the GDP of the country through the royalty reserves that it pays the government for use of the mineral basin. Porters 5 Force Analysis The five forces analysis looks at the five significant forces to help determine the competition in the current business scenario. The factors that need to be considered includes supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution and the threat of new entrants (Fitzpatrick, Nguyen and Cayan, 2015). The force, scale and size of the impact of these factors is seen in the scenario analysis carried out on the basis of the five forces theory by Porter. Supplier Power: This refers to the manner and ease with which suppliers can influence the prices of the end products (Mindtools.com, 2016). In the case of the Fortescue Metals Group Limited, the suppliers are the mines of Western Australia that are mined by the company. The primary factor that contributes to the supply of iron ore are the mining capacity of the company as well as the allowances ad restrictions placed on the company by the Australian government. Buyer Power: Buyer power refers to the ease with which buyers can influence the prices of the commodity (Mindtools.com, 2016). Since the Fortescue Metals Group Limited are catering only to the Chinese demand at present, the sales and exports are dependent on a single buyer. This places the company in a precarious position since the company would be easily influenced by the demands of China. The possibility of them dictating prices and driving the process southwards is a major failing of the marketing strategy being employed by the company. Competitive Rivalry: The number as well as the capability of competitors is a major concern for all companies. This is because these competitors may erode the companys customer base and this would have adverse effects on the financial position of the company (Mindtools.com, 2016). For the Fortescue Metals Group Limited, the competitors are all older and larger companies like BHP Billiton Ltd, Rio Tinto Ltd and Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd. While these companies are highly diversified and have a larger customer base, Fortescue Metals Group Limited by its nature of operations has limited itself to a single client. The possibility of being edged out by these larger companies as well as the possibility that the buyer would shift loyalties if offered a better deal by any or all the competitors is a matter of grave concern for the company headed by Mr. Forrest Threat of Substitution: This refers to the possibility of the client to find a better alternative for the product or services being offered by the company. The possibility of easy and viable substitution is an important factor that would impact this factor (Mindtools.com, 2016). For Fortescue Metals Group Limited, the threat of substitution would arise not only from competitors and rivals in its own country but also from the possibility of China being able to procure a similar or even better quality ore at cheaper prices from alternate countries like India or Africa. Since China is looking at huge volume of exports it is in a position to dictate terms to not just Fortescue Metals Group Limited but also to negotiate better process with countries that would not have to incur similar costs in procuring and processing the iron ore. Threat of New Entry: This refers to the possibility of newer companies entering the same market (Mindtools.com, 2016) on similar lines as Fortescue Metals Group Limited entered the mining segment even when there were bigger players like BHP Billiton Ltd, Rio Tinto Ltd and Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd. The possibility of these newer players adopting tactics like undercutting prices to make inroads into the market cannot be discounted. Summary Of Strategy Plans The company strategy is to maximize its contribution to the employment market and national GDP through its exports. While the efforts put in by the Fortescue Metals Group Limited are commendable, the same cannot be deemed sufficient in light of its current financial statements. The strategy to concentrate on a single market and reduce its diversification into other markets is a strategy that calls for urgent measures to counteract the expected fall in profits and decline in exports (Balancedscorecard.org, 2016). The company projects are too optimistic given the analysis of its latest annual reports. Market Share And Size Fortescue Metals Group Limited based in Western Australia is into the business of exporting Iron ore to China. The company primarily caters to the Chinese markets. Unfortunately, while the company is looking at expanding its mining capacity, it is faced with the ground reality of its declining market share in the Chinese markets. The market size of Fortescue Metals Group is presently at US$ 7083 million due to its overall decline in revenues from all markets (Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report, 2016). Current Situation The company is presently well placed in terms of its commitment and capability to meet the projected exports for the coming year. However, it is important to consider the fact that the company is entirely optimistic in its projected figures and has not put into place any alternative mechanism in case it is unable to continue exporting to China. On the basis of Porters five forces analysis, it would be accurate to state that Fortescue Metals Group Limited is liable to competition from rivals, threat of substitution as well as the impact of buyer power in lowering prices (Pearce and Robinson, 2011). Any or all these factors would impact the profitability of the company and its ability to service the current debt position, as well as its ability to take on further debts as indicated by the CFO. The financial statements show that the revenue from China is US $ 6,789 million and forms the major part of its revenue of US $ 7,083 million. However, the year on year figures show that Chinas c ontribution has come down from US$ 8047 million to the current figure of US$ 6,789 million (Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report, 2016). Comments And Recommendation Based on the current position, as well as Porters five forces analysis, Fortescue Metals Group Limited should consider exploring its export options and consolidating its position as a important exporter of iron ore. While the company has made significant inroads into the industry and boasts of good growth, as well as the guidance of persons like Andrew Forrest; it is imperative that the company looks at not only consolidating its position in exporting iron ore to China, but also to expand both its customer base as well as make efforts to enter newer markets in developing countries which would need iron ore for their infrastructural improvements (Kach et al., 2016). Annual Report The annual report of the company shows a robust growth. The company as posted a Net Profit after Tax of US$ 985 million, which is a significant growth of US$699 million over the previous year. The company was able to give an interim dividend of 3 cents per share and a final dividend of 12 cents per share, taking the total dividend paid during the year to 15 cents; an increase of 10 cents, over the dividend payout during the previous year. There is a marginal increase in retained earnings which has contributed to the increase in total equity of the company (Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report, 2016). The net profit before tax in the current year shows a significant increase of US$ 934 million, year on year. Unfortunately, the income statement of Fortescue Metals Group Limited shows a marginal decline in assets, both current and non-current over the previous year, with cash and equivalents as well as inventories contributing to the decline. This means that the liquidity of the company has reduced significantly. On the liabilities side, the current liabilities are not affected to a great degree. However the non-current liabilities show a sharp decline in borrowings as well as an increase in the deferred tax liabilities of the company (Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report, 2016). The cash flows statement shows both the cash receipts from customers as well as payments to suppliers have fallen drastically. However, the fall in income tax payable has helped improve the net operating cash inflow. The investments made have also sharply declined and this has contributed to the overall profitability of the company. There has been a huge decrease in cash and cash equivalents which reflects on the current liquidity of the company (Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report, 2016). Conclusion The Fortescue Metals Group Limited is looking at a long term decline in growth on the basis on the data contained in its financial statements. Despite the increase in profits posted by the company, the decline in liquidity as shown by decline in inventory levels as well as the cash position is an indicator of the long term viability of the company. It is suggested that Fortescue Metals Group Limited look at entering newer markets in order to overcome the expected fall in demand from China. The companys decline in revenues from other markets by close to 50 per cent is also a indication of its inability to increase its market penetration in other countries and this needs to be addressed on priority (Bradley, 2016). References Australianmining.com.au. (2016).Australian Mining | Australia's home for mining industry news. [online] Available at: https://www.australianmining.com.au/ [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Balancedscorecard.org. (2016).The Basics of Strategic Planning, Strategic Management and Strategy Execution. [online] Available at: https://balancedscorecard.org/Resources/Strategic-Planning-Basics [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Fitzpatrick, B., Nguyen, Q. and Cayan, Z. (2015). An Upgrade To Competitive Corporate Analysis: Creation Of A Personal Finance Platform To Strengthen Porters Five Competitive Forces Model In Utilizing.Journal of Business Economics Research (JBER), 13(1), p.54. Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report. (2016).Fortescue Metals Group Limited Annual Report 2016. [online] Available at: https://fmgl.com.au/media/2862/fy16-fortescue-annual-report-final-with-cover.pdf [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Kach, A., Busse, C., Azadegan, A. and Wagner, S. (2016). Maneuvering through Hostile Environments: How Firms Leverage Product and Process Innovativeness.Decision Sciences, 47(5), pp.907-956. Mindtools.com. (2016).Porter's Five Forces: Assessing the Balance of Power in a Business Situation. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016]. Pearce, J. and Robinson, R. (2011).Strategic management. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bradley J. (2016).Why Is Strategic Management Needed?. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategic-management-needed-61313.html [Accessed 13 Dec. 2016].

Beautiful a Song by Eminem free essay sample

Mine -Beautiful I chose the song beautiful by Mine because it portraits his feelings as a singer ,how his life is difficult and how he wishes for sometimes to be Just an ordinary person, to be treated as others and how hes going through a tough time yet he is also speaking towards his audience telling them that if he is capable of doing things like not giving up then so are we, if he managed to do the things he did after everybody told him he couldnt or the things he went through he wouldnt be who he is. Point here being dont let anybody tell you arent beautiful, stay true to you and onto let anybody pull you down.. What I feel Mine is trying to say in this song is that we all go through bad things in our life, we all go through things that are tough to experience in their time but we shouldnt let them determine who we are or what we become like in the chorus I mentioned earlier in the first paragraph. We will write a custom essay sample on Beautiful a Song by Eminem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That part is very true we should all stay true to ourselves no matter what, though at times we would like others to experience our pain, too look into our eyes to know whats going on but we cant. He also mentions theres times in our life where we didnt ask for things we had to go through , theres times where we wished things would change to our favor and we would be happy, but they never did, we had to learn our lessons through the bumps , the cuts and the bruises. In the end we all got back up and here we are, we made it back from where we were, we got to the place where they said we couldnt get. Mine used some metaphors here I believe the walking in each others shoes is one of them, and another though I forgot which one it is. He also uses lot of slang in order to be able to make the connection with his audience. Mine talks about his life in most of his songs, yet they all (or most of them) portrait a special message or meaning in them which generally is dont give up, get back up, you can make things happen, take the opportunities you get because they only happen once and other inspirational thoughts. Most of his audience is at a young age ranging usually from 13 to 20 year olds who can identify themselves with all this , I can say I am one of them another reason why I chose this song.

Free Essays on A Modest Proposal“

A Cry for Attention â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift is an example of satire, which is a work of literature that uses great wit to point out in a mocking manner the frailties or maliciousness of individuals, groups or mankind usually in order to prompt a correction or a response from the reader. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a fine example of satire because of the way Swift incorporates great use of irony, sarcasm, and satire to point out the problems in Ireland to the English people. The irony Swift uses starting in the first paragraphs opens the way for his seemingly â€Å"modest† proposal. He begins in the first paragraphs by stating the problem of poverty in Ireland and then professes to have a legitimate solution to help. (Swift 1113) The irony begins on the next page as Swift talks about how babies are cheapest to care for in the first year as they are still nursing from their mothers. After this year, Swift proposes that they be taken from their mothers and will contribute to the feeding and clothing of them, instead of being burdens. (Swift 1114) All of Swift’s solutions are very ironic because it would almost certainly help the people of Ireland have fewer mouths to feed and more food to eat, however, the way he proposes to do it is so outrageous that no one would ever consider putting his solution into effect. The satire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is so outlandish it is funny. Who would ever think of writing about raising human babies as food so that the country would be a better place? Swift tells the reader of how a â€Å" young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Swift 1114) If the readers had been falling asleep by this point, this sentence should surely wake them up. Swift goes on the tell the readers of different ways the children could be cooked and about how a certain percentage of children born should be saved so that they could be bred for futu... Free Essays on A Modest Proposalâ€Å" Free Essays on A Modest Proposalâ€Å" A Cry for Attention â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift is an example of satire, which is a work of literature that uses great wit to point out in a mocking manner the frailties or maliciousness of individuals, groups or mankind usually in order to prompt a correction or a response from the reader. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is a fine example of satire because of the way Swift incorporates great use of irony, sarcasm, and satire to point out the problems in Ireland to the English people. The irony Swift uses starting in the first paragraphs opens the way for his seemingly â€Å"modest† proposal. He begins in the first paragraphs by stating the problem of poverty in Ireland and then professes to have a legitimate solution to help. (Swift 1113) The irony begins on the next page as Swift talks about how babies are cheapest to care for in the first year as they are still nursing from their mothers. After this year, Swift proposes that they be taken from their mothers and will contribute to the feeding and clothing of them, instead of being burdens. (Swift 1114) All of Swift’s solutions are very ironic because it would almost certainly help the people of Ireland have fewer mouths to feed and more food to eat, however, the way he proposes to do it is so outrageous that no one would ever consider putting his solution into effect. The satire in â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is so outlandish it is funny. Who would ever think of writing about raising human babies as food so that the country would be a better place? Swift tells the reader of how a â€Å" young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Swift 1114) If the readers had been falling asleep by this point, this sentence should surely wake them up. Swift goes on the tell the readers of different ways the children could be cooked and about how a certain percentage of children born should be saved so that they could be bred for futu...

Antibacterial and biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles and Essay

Antibacterial and biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles and graphene composite - Essay Example Graphene has oxygen-containing groups embedded in its honeycomb-like six-atom carbon rings. Graphene oxide (GO) is used to in imaging and delivery of drugs (p.365). Georgakilas et al. says that the existences of carbon nano-structures in graphene enables it to form organic polimers which are very important in the formation of polimer composites which are important in biomedical application (p.4). also supports Yang et al. on the issue (n.d, p.1-59) T Yang et al. (2013), continue to say that the properties of graphene is also useful making of biological, pathogenic and pharmacological processes that make it necessary delivering therapeutic drugs since its used for the detection of specific proteins through the â€Å"sand witch † immunoassay which is useful in the binding of proteins and secondary antibody. This is why the graphene is used in the creation of cancer-detection biomarker. This occurs when the layers of graphene are used to increase the surface area for capturing large amounts of Ab1 and when it is further amplified; it achieves multi-enzyme-Ab2 which is functionalized carbon nanospheres (Yang et al. 2013, p.367). Graphene is also used in quenching the fluorescence of other fluorescent dyes which is used in fabricating fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET sensors are used for monitoring ssDNA (Yang et al. 2013, p.367). According to Polte et al. (2010), Gold can be used in various fields of medicine, biotechnology, and catalysis. This makes it one of the most important subjects in the study of nanoscale materials. Gold nanoparticles are prepared using various processing routes like chemical, sonochemical and photochemical paths. However it is mainly made through the precipitation of the GNP in aqueous solution from dissolved gold precursors like HAuCL4 using reducing agents like sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, sodium boron hydride or block copolymers which

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

Human Resource Management - Essay Example All these efforts are aimed at making organizations more competitive and yet these activities have one profound effect on organizational life: Managers are being asked (told) to do more with fewer people The growing competitive environment results in the paradigm shift in the recruitment strategy. Research indicates that there is a strong case of behavioural recruitment model. The best organizations succeed not because of their people, but because they have the right people. Skill, knowledge, and attitude of the workforce are critical inputs for the success of any organization (Cronin 1996). Hence, there is the strong need for competency-based recruitment and behavioural interview which can provide a desirable option. The traditional methods which focus more on resume, references and past experience fail to capture the complexity of identifying the right candidate. Competency-based recruitment through behavioural interviews focus more on the right fit between the organization and the individual. Behavioural interviewing provides the structure for describing jobs in terms of the values and behaviour of the organization. It also helps in interpreting the candidates behaviour and not j ust their experience. The job of recruiting a new candidate does not end by signing on the dotted line. The real effort actually begins after that. What today is bringing many companies to become aware of this is often ignored and an overlooked fact is the growing realization that the employees quit within first two to three months of their recruitment, which is often termed as the "honeymoon period". The failure of an employee to stick around can damage the company in many ways. More energy is spent on damage control and to motivate the rest of the employees. The HR department should design induction program to help the employees acclimatize and become comfortable with the

Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy - Case Study Example erative pillar for economic development companies operating in Qatar; it deals with three major issues: The first is to facilitate sound economic management through five major approaches as in: To facilitate cooperation with Arab regional states as well as the Gulf Cooperation Council States thereby promoting the establishment of trade relations and reduction of financial crisis. The other approach is to facilitate competition in the international market by opening flexible economic structures. Moreover, sustained economic management shall be achieved by creating structures that attract foreign investors in Qatar. In addition, the vision aims to achieve sustained economic management through reducing inflation thus creating a stable economic growth. Qatari government also aspires to provide sustained economic growth condition to ensure that it provides high standards of living. The economic pillar also aspires to facilitate responsible ways of oil exploration and gas in Qatar. This shall be achieved through four different sustainable exploration methods. Additionally the economic pillar is also geared towards promoting suitable economic diversification. This is expected to reduce the country’s dependency rate on some of its natural resources such as hydrocarbons; it shall also be achieved through empowering the private sector hence improving their competitive advantage. Another pillar of the Qatar vision 2030 that may be applied to facilitate economic development is the Human Development Pillar. The Qatari government recognizes that effective economic development can only be achieved through proper human capital development. In this regard, the human development pillar focuses on three issues: Provision of world class education among the Qatari populace thereby improving their skills to undertake economic development activities; provision of world class healthcare services to the Qatari populace and improving the capacity of the Qatari populace to participate in

Effect of Discounting on Climate Change

Effect of Discounting on Climate Change Introduction Climate change can be termed as the single largest problem that we as a humanity are facing at present. Since the 1960’s- when for the first time the perils of greenhouse gas emissions on climate were reported- the gravity associated with demand for action on climate change has only been increasing.Though the impacts of climate change are already being felt in terms of increased frequency of disasters and changing weather patterns, a majority of the impacts are to affect future generations only. This raises many questions on whether to act on climate change now or later. The role ethics has to play in tackling such an issue is immense. Individual perceptions, their choices and what defines morality for them all come in to light while determining action on climate change. Since the formation of UNFCCC, under which international negotiations on climate change are being held, the weightage on acting against climate change has been catapulted to a global level. The framework has seen many international agreements on cutting down the global emissions of greenhouse gases and building resilience among communities to tackle climate change. But the costs involved in acting against climate change and arresting the global temperature change to such a level so that it doesn’t prove catastrophic to the future generation is huge. Nicholas Stern, an economist, had published a report- The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change- in 2006 for the British Government which had given an estimate of one percent of global GDP that is required to arrest the impacts of climate change. This estimate was revised in 2008 to two percent of the global GDP accounting for faster than expected climate change. To put things in perspective two percent of global GDP acco unts for close to US$1.5 trillion when the World Bank estimate of the total global gross domestic product of US$74.9 trillion is taken into consideration. Such values aren’t small and require enormous funding from countries world over to act against the impacts. Hence action on climate change, though ethical, has huge implications on the global economy. This economic implication of acting on climate change becomes more precarious when we take into consideration the fact that climate change is set to have its worst impacts on the generations to come. This leaves us with the question of whether to act now or leave it to the future generations to tackle the issue of climate change. Corporations and for that matter countries in itself would act only if they see some incentives in acting now, else one wouldn’t want to sacrifice their economic growth which transcribes into well being in the present. What drives international climate negotiations in formulating policies for climate change mitigation is something called as the social cost of carbon (SCC). SCC helps us in estimating the benefits (climate) of decision making. Social cost of carbon can be termed as the the economic damages associated with a small increase in carbon dioxide. This dollar figure also represents the value of damages avoided for a small emission reduction. Hence such an economic value is what drives nations to act on climate change. Higher the value of SCC, higher is the perceived threat from climate change, which in turn increases the urgency required to act on climate change. Higher values also indicate a negative impact of climate change on the future GDP projections of nation states, hence acting on climate change is incentivising nations by insuring their future GDP against the perils of climate change. But for arriving at a social cost of carbon we need to consider what is called an optimal ‘r ate of discount.’ Arriving at a rate of discount is based on what ethical stand one takes, hence this value might hugely vary from person to person. Aspects such as how much you value intergenerational equity, how much are you ready to sacrifice in the present, how do you expect technology to improve in the future and what do you expect to happen to economic growth in the future all come into play while arriving upon a discount rate. This paper would aim to look at the ethics of discounting taking into consideration the various values for discount rates proposed by economists and the implications that these values have on the policy measures we adopt. Existing literature in this area would be reviewed, shedding light on the various arguments/viewpoints centered around choosing different discount rates for climate change action. This process of reviewing literature in itself might be a limitation as the paper would rely on the arguments put forth by authors of respective papers for choosing a certain discount rate. This paper would initially discuss about the evolution of discounting and its relation to climate change and then move onto reviewing existing literature in this field and finally concluding the discussion by stating the author’s viewpoint. Literature Survey Discounting is a financial term that which means a debtor has obtained a right to delay the payment to a person who has lended the amount, a creditor, for a defined period of time by paying a certain fee. This discount is usually associated with something called a discount rate. In simple terms discount rate can be defined as the rate at which the amount owed must be raised to delay payment for one year. A discount rate is what what determines the discount rate and not vice versa. Discounting Factor is another term that is used in context to discounting. Discount factor is the percentage rate required to calculate the present value of future cash flow. What these values mean in terms of climate change and their implications on climate policy shall be discussed in the next few paragraphs. With the basics of discounting know lets move onto the role discounting has to play on climate change mitigation decisions. To figure this out let us look at some questions that economists seem to be in love with while determining the amount we should spend to fight climate change: How much will you be willing to spend to make your child richer by certain amount in the future? And what about the amount that you would be willing to spend to make your grandchild, or your great- great-great grandchild in the distant future richer by the same amount? The answers to these questions might shed light on the future of the planet. Most economic analyses of climate change have concluded that we should be spending only small amounts to combat climate change now, ramping up slowly over time. This conclusion is argued against by climate scientists who say that immediate action is the only way to arrest the serious ramifications of climate change. And the disagreement arises from the above mention ed questions, on how much do you value the future generations’ welfare in terms of a monetary value. The worst consequences of climate change, as mentioned earlier in the introduction, are likely to unfold only over decades or centuries. This means that the present generation is only set to see the beginning of what might be the worst consequences of climate change, with the future generations bearing the maximum brunt of it. Hence, the decision of how much to spend now to arrest climate change in the future weighs itself on assessing how much it is worth to us now to prevent that future damage. As driven by human tendency we would be prefer money now over money later, and hence economists typically figure that our willingness to pay for preventing a dollar worth of damage in a year, or in a decade is less than a dollar. This percentage less is called the â€Å"social discount rate.† What is of importance is figuring out what this discount rate should be. For a short period of time, the easier way is to consider the prevailing market rate of interest. This is similar to a loan that you have taken at a certain interest rate. After all, if you happen to get a bank loan at an interest rate of 7 percent, then getting a dollar in a year is essentially equivalent to getting a tad over 93 cents now. What this essentially implies is that, economically, it would make sense for you to spend 93 cents today if it helps you in avoiding a problem that would otherwise cost you one dollar a year from now. This can be put in other words: a dollar of the projected future impacts has gotten discounted to 93 cents today. But when this is played over many years the results are very peculiar. The following example is cited from an article published in Science News: â€Å"For example, at a 5 percent annual interest rate, a penny that belonged to Julius Caesar would have expanded to the bogglingly huge sum of 3 – 1041 dollars today — more than the entire world economic output over the last 2,000 years multiplied by the number of stars in the sky.† And what this essentially means is that discounting, at a 5 percent social discount rate, would shrink any imaginable catastrophe today to far less than a penny in Caesar’s time, and an economist would have therefore recommended that Caesar not spend even so tiny an amount to avoid it. The mind boggling amount this discounting would result in besides being absurd, would also silence the people wanting action on climate change because of the huge monetary implications. It is very difficult to overlook the effect any constant discount rate (like the 5 percent rate used in the above example) on the future growth potentials which is going to be exponential and explosive. So even considering a moderate social discount rate of say, 2 to 3 percent, economists will have a very hard time trying to justify the amount spent on combating climate change in the present. Instead, economists would suggest to invest this amount in savings and our future generations will be rich enough to live well inspite of all the damages from climate change. But an exception to this is Nicholas Stern. In 2006, he wrote the The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review which concluded by suggesting that we should invest one percent of world GDP immediately to combat climate change. Otherwise, he said, the chaos resulting from climate change could cost twenty percent of world GDP per year. But this was arrived at by setting the social discount rate to near zero. The discount rate he had taken into consideration while arriving at the conclusion was severely criticized by many economists. Underlying assumption is that people would prefer a dollar today than a dollar in the next year are a hundred years from now. Economists are still at loggerheads over this, on whether to: Either accept an assumption that is argued as economically unjustified (a close to zero social discount rate), or conclude that we should accept climate change without a fight. A third alternative which is more likely to remain unentertained is that the economic valuations fail to shed light on the issue at hand. Let us now look into the argument put forward by Stern in his â€Å"Economics of Climate Change† report for taking a near zero discount rate. This paper has already referred to the Stern Review in its earlier sections. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is probably the most comprehensive survey of the economics of climate change published until thus. The lead author of the review, Sir Nicholas Stern, from besides being a distinguished economist, he has also made important contributions to areas of public and welfare economic theory that are particularly relevant to climate change economics. His conclusion that we should act now by investing on acting against climate change as it would have more serious implications on the future generations in strongly contended by leading economists. Stern, in his review had said that we should invest one percent, which was revised to two percent in 2008, of the global gross domestic product for acting climate in order to curtail the ravaging impacts of climate change in the future which, otherwise, might lead to huge losses to the tune of 20 percent of global GDP every year in the future. After the first chapter’s brief summary of the scientific evidence for climate change, the next few chapters have devoted considerable attention to the ethical issues revolving around the choice of discount rate. â€Å"This represents the economist’s trade-off between the welfare of different generations and is hence the key to the way that different distributions of consumption over time can be ranked in terms of social welfare.† The Review states that â€Å"The ethical framework of standard welfare economics looks first only at the consequences of actions (an approach often described as ‘consequentialism’) and then assess consequences in terms of impacts on ‘utility’ (an approach often described as ‘welfarism’). The standard welfare economic approach has no room, for example, for ethical dimensions concerning the processes by which outcomes are reached. Some different notions of ethics, including those based on concepts of rights, justice and freedoms, do consider process† (p. 29). The Review also takes a consequentialist approach, which is in line with standard welfare economics, and makes judgements that are both explicit and implicit concerning the distribution of welfare and of consumption across generations. Discounting and the Stern Review It is now well now that in h (i.e. the avoidance of the damage that climate change might otherwise do under what is known as a ‘business as usual scenario’).

schizophrenia :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypocrites once said â€Å"only from the brain spring our pleasures, our feeling of happiness, and of tearsy†. Pleasure and pain come from the brain; however with schizophrenia some people experience not pleasure and pain, but paranoia, dementia, and can become cationic. Schizophrenia is a serious problem. This report will go over what it is, how to get help, and how it is/was treated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history all society’s have had cases of schizophrenia. Some kings, rulers, and emperors, such as King Saul, Nebucanezzer, Henry the IV and King George the III, all had a form of schizophrenia. schizophrenia technically did not exist until 100 years ago. Until then most people thought it was demons in the body. The Ancient Egyptians thought people with mental illness had physical illness. With the Greeks they did not know what to think, so the killed or castrated the â€Å"infected† person. But with madness people have accomplished many things such as prophets and poets. â€Å" How come all men distinguished in philosophy, statesmanship, poetry, or art are melancholics and some of them to such an extent that they are affected from the illness†. History has almost always classified as one type, but actually there are four types.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the four types of schizophrenia are: dementia praecox, hebephrenic. first is catatonia, a movement disorder. the movements may be as little as a twitch some cases are more severe than others. â€Å"people with schizophrenia are often very strange and shocking† next it paranoia, as many people know paranoia is the fear of being followed with schizophrenia this fear is constant day and night. Most paranoid schizophrenic loose sleep and act out violently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another type is hebephenia, hebephenia induces childlike acts, like whining, crying and constant giggling. With all types of schizophrenia there are many mental asylum, so the schizophrenics do not cause harm to others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mental institutes started as caves away from towns, villages, and were used until religion started. After that the started thinking it was evil causing the madness. Holy wells were used in Rome, Greece, and small islands. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, they built temples to house the â€Å"mad†. The cost of the temples were to high they used homes as asylums. As David H. Clark said â€Å"Madness has been known to every society that has left records†. In 1839 In England first organized act was past to localize asylums. In mental asylums, new knowledge has been found.

The view that pupil subcultures are the key to understanding educational under achievement Essays

The view that pupil subcultures are the key to understanding educational under achievement Essays The view that pupil subcultures are the key to understanding educational under achievement Essay The view that pupil subcultures are the key to understanding educational under achievement Essay Essay Topic: Education Race generally refers to the differences in appearance and facial characteristics in particular It promotes the sense of certain characteristics being fixed and unchanging, and serves to justify the differential treatment of various identified races because the supposed differences between them are presented as natural. Race is linked to moral, cultural and intellectual achievements thus ideological justification for stratification, differentiation and oppression. Race tells us very little it terms of sociological understanding. Therefore we tend to use ethnicity as a much more useful benchmark. Ethnicity is another way of categorising groups of people which is primarily concerned with culture. It is a divide between ethnic groups based on cultural differences such as common origin and distinct customs and beliefs. Duncan Mitchell describes ethnicity as a membership of a distinct group of people possessing their own customary ways or culture. Ethnicity is more flexible and sensitive than race-based categories; for example, in black/ white classification, many people of Chinese or Indian origin do not see themselves as black; able to include groups such as Jews and Irish; sub-division of south Asian into Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian reflecting differing countries of origin, religion and culture To answer this question it will be necessary to discuss a variety of different areas. Firstly, discrimination and the ways the school system treat ethnic groups. Secondly, material deprivation will be discussed. It will then be necessary to look at the Swann report, the IQ debate, cultural misunderstanding and beliefs. Some ethnic minority groups, especially East African Asian and Indian, perform better than white British, while others, Afro-Caribbean and Bangladeshi, perform worse. In recent years, the groups with lower attainments seem to have been closing the gap, though it still remains. All ethnic minority groups are more likely to continue into post-16 education and among Afro-Caribbeans, the attainment of girls is far superior to than of boys. There are numerous explanations to this. Discrimination can be used to explain the under-achievement of ethnic groups in schools. Marxists would support this. They believe that the education system exists to maintain the status quo and provide capitalism with a compliant labour force. Discrimination may come from the teachers through labelling. Because a pupil is black a teacher may think that they are less intelligent or are deliberately opposing them. Indian African Asian minorities may be using educational qualifications to overcome disadvantage caused by racism by making socio-economic progress, while Afro-Caribbean male may react by rejecting all white institutions including education. This leads to some ethnic groups, particularly afro-Caribbean males, getting involved in anti school sub-cultures were they actively oppose the system and will do worse in exams. This is not discrimination. However, one could argue that this was caused by it. Another reason could be cultural misunderstanding. It is a huge disadvantage for anybody who has come from another country and is unable to speak the English language properly. Also our social norms and values are very different from places such as the middle-east. Jenson, a new right theorist, used the bell curve which is a graphic representation of race and intelligence. He showed that blacks are at the bottom of the social class structure and have high amounts of material deprivation because they have a lower intelligence and are less able so they tend to gravitate to the bottom of society. But because some ethnic groups are more successful he said that certain racial groups have more intelligence than others. Jensen found that blacks scored 10 points less on intelligence tests that whites and claimed that they were genetically inferior. But some say that IQ tests are not culturally fair. Others have argued that it is because of environmental factors because blacks in this country are more likely to suffer from poverty and those black children who have been adopted by white parents and live financially secure and do just as well as white children in exams. Also, the beliefs of the different ethnic groups have an effect on how well they respond to the education system. Chinese and other Asians are the highest performing group. This is because it is their culture to value education and Indian, African and Asian families may traditionally have higher expectations of educational attainment, are more likely to speak English as a first language and be more willing to educate girls than other south Asian groups. Also they have a higher social class position and are financially better off because of their long-lasting stay in this country. In addition, many of Indian and African Asian origin come from professional or business backgrounds, where a Bangladeshi background is more likely to be unskilled working class, and Afro- Caribbean skilled working class. The large number of matrifocal, single parent families among Afro-Caribbeans may partly explain lower attainment overall. A further explanation is material factors. How much money one has plays a vital role in educational achievement. If a family is considerably poor they will not be able to afford effects that richer families have which gives them a major disadvantage after all it is the rich that can buy a privileged Education. We know this to be true has research has shown that ethnic groups such as the Chinese do well at school compared with other groups such as afro-Caribbeans. This is because that Chinese and Pakistani families have been in England for a much longer time a have been able to establish themselves further. Ethnic minorities have diverse patterns of housing tenure but quality tends to be low: terraced rather than semi-detached; overcrowded; concentrated in inner-city areas. This is often referred to as the ghetto. Immigrants initially are dependent on the privately-rented sector, because of waiting lists and other qualifications for public housing; they have a weak economic position so there is usually a low chance of owner-occupation. Afro-Caribbean and Bangladeshi, with time, will get more qualification for public housing. They are more likely than white British in fact. African Asian, Indian and Pakistani more likely to be owner-occupiers than white British this is probably due to rising standard of living and the decline in public housing in the 1980s. There are also problems in terms of work. Afro-Caribbean Bangladeshi/Pakistani ethnic groups more likely to be in manual employment than white British, whereas Indian are less likely (though professional rather than managerial). Non-white workers receive lower wages, do more shift work and are less likely to have supervisory posts and have higher qualifications for posts held. Non-whites are more likely to be unemployed especially young Bangladeshi/Pak. and Afro-Caribbean males. However, Afro-Caribbean women have higher earnings and qualifications than their white equivalents. There are explanations for differences in work. Problems of ethnic adjustment (Liberal) suggests that factors such as language, educational and cultural differences in the first and second generations of immigrants explains much disadvantage, which will be reduced as ethnic minorities become assimilated into the host community. The Swann report was carried out during conservative administration which had strong views on race. The Swann report was to see attainment in individual terms and reject things like social class and social groups. Many of the problems of Swanns report still exist today. Many of these problems could have been addressed if Swanns report had been implemented. In closing, discrimination is undoubtedly a large factor in educational under achievement because of diversity within and between ethnic groups but material deprivation is much bigger. Without the proper resources or appropriate home working conditions children cannot be expected to do as well whatever their race or culture. Class is far more important than ethnicity.

Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student Essays

Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student Essays Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student Essay Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student Essay Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student Name Course Date Civil Rights Diary of a University of Mississippi Student In a period marred by racial prejudice and segregation between blacks and white was prominent, James Meredith had a strength of mind to advance his schooling at the University of Mississippi which was located in Oxford. During this time, the University was referred to as Ole Miss and exclusively conducted admissions on people of the white race. In the year of 1961, James Meredith sent an application to study at the University. He had previously sent two applications to be enrolled. His request was eventually denied after a long period of delay. In his determination to attend the University, even after its refusal, Meredith advanced for his rights by asking the assistance of the National Association of the Advancement of Colored people. They filed the lawsuit based on racial discrimination. It was also a fight for civil rights of the African American community. The University was sued with the claim that they denied his request to enroll because of â€Å"his racial background† (James Doyle, p.34, 2001) and not because of a lack of educational qualification. The case reached its peak at the Supreme Court, and he won the case. The final decision aggravated a constitutional predicament between the Federal government and Mississippi. Even though he won, the case the struggle was far from over especially in the realm of power. The politics of the day would prove to be a huddle in his course for education. The Mississippi Governor Mr. Ross Barnett firmly opposed the incorporation of African Americans at Ole Miss. Prior to this, the Governor attempted to block his request by ensuring the legislature passed the law directed at Meredith. The law stated â€Å"no person that was convicted of a crime† (Doyle, p.73, 2001) would gain admission into the School and Meredith faced allegations of false registration during voting. Together with others members of the white community, the governor vowed to curtail Meredith’s enrolment at all costs even his enrolment. Meredith’s entrance into the University in September of 1962 was a violent and unforgettable event. â€Å"The broadcasts reported excitement at the Campus†(Doyle, p.212, 2001) His path had been blocked by a huge angry crowed of 2000 students and including the police throwing bricks and numerous items were thrown at him. Guards who were protecting him were not spared. The Attorney General Robert Kennedy issued an order to have federal troops put into effect the law and let him to continue with his registration at the university However, hostility reigned and the crowed and troops were engaged in a violent confrontation causing the murder of two and scores of others wounded. The Federal troops stayed on the campus vicinity to protect him and on the first day of October 1962, Meredith was registered becoming the first African-American to join the University. This marked a noteworthy milestone for the individuals fighting for Civil rights, as well as an acknowledgment of these rights. Meredith finally enrolled at Ole Miss and successfully completed his studies the following year with a degree in political science. Socially, his term at the school was not productive. Threats of increased violence were a common thing in his education. In addition, there was racial discrimination. During his two semesters on campus, â€Å"students gave him no peace† (Eagles, p. 119, 2009). Students ensured that they created a hostile environment and some were said to bounce their basketballs just a floor above his room at nighttime. This was a way of disturbing his peace and sleep in the nighttime. At the cafeteria, they would exclude him. When he would walk in, they turned their backs on him while eating. The tables with white scholars would immediately be emptied when he sat with them. The efforts of James Meredith was a surge to win the fight against racism .The fact that he had to carry out his activities in the School with an army following him are a clear indication of the dominance of racism at the time. The endeavors to desegregate the learning institution further encouraged Americans situated south to rise against the discriminatory laws, acts and policies. References Doyle, W. (2001). An American Insurrection: The battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. New York: Doubleday. Eagles, C. W. (2009). The price of defiance: James Meredith and the integration of Ole Miss. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.

Resourcing Rewarding and Training System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Resourcing Rewarding and Training System - Essay Example As the main activity requires limited skills, no training apart from the basic induction programme is imparted to the workers. Even the supervisors, who supervise the production process, are drawn from the production staff having longer period of service without any interview or specific management training process. More importantly as the management follows an autocratic style of leadership with a well defined hierarchy, communication and coordination mechanisms are seriously hampered. The unions are not allowed to participate in the decision making process. The reward system is also not properly structured which has led to serious problems of turnover. The minimum wage rate is provided after twelve years of service in the organization after which the employees receive a 5% increment which is lower than other local employers. As a Personnel Manager, I would focus on the resourcing, training and rewarding structure of the organization. Resourcing means to provide a person or an organ ization with materials, staffs, money and other assets that are necessary for the effective operation in any organization are the right resource in terms of quality, the right cost, the right risk, the right time in terms of speed. But above all I would focus on â€Å"People resourcing†.... d and dissipated, poor performers are sidelined and ignored, promoted or dismissed without any attempt to resolve the problems and the performance review system often fail to generate significant benefits for both the organization as well as the employees. People resourcing is concentrated on minor incremental efficiency or system changes or on the ethical, legalistic and procedural dimensions of resourcing instead of on the added value dimension which provides further scope for improvement. People resourcing should be based on the tools and techniques that are able to assess the potential employees, determine their suitability for specific organizational work and evaluate their effectiveness. Therefore people resourcing are the acquisition, development, effective utilization and retention of the people that the organization needs. It is the basis for workforce planning activities. All the human resource plans are implemented by means of the key resourcing activities of recruitment, selection, talent management and retention planning. The effectiveness with which human resources are used involves control mechanisms for absenteeism and providing for flexibility. People resourcing are a long term plan. It aims at achieving competitive advantage by attracting, employing and retaining more competent people than its rival. The aim of people resourcing is also to become â€Å"an employer of choice†, an organization that people want to work with and stay with. It also creates employee value proposition which consists of what the organization has to offer for existing and prospective employees that would help to persuade them to join or remain in the organization. It also involves offering pay and benefits that are important and can be over emphasized compared to other

Religion College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion College - Essay Example process or act of making divine knowledge understood, often through direct ontological realization which transcends the human state and reaches into the divine intellect. Revelation in a religious sense can originate from God, a deity, or agents such as angels, and discloses a willed outcome, principles, behaviors, laws and doctrines. For example, most religions have religious texts viewed as sacred and revealed by the Divine, the monotheistic religions viewing them as the so-called Word of God. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation) There are two distinct dimensions to revelation: outer words and deeds, and subjective human experience. Miracles in the Old Testament are a prime example of the former type of revelation. Take, for example, the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus, to allow the Hebrews to pass safely through while the pursuing Egyptian army was drowned. This direct revelation of the Divine Will obviously had both positive and negative aspects since it favored the Hebrews as the Chosen People over the Egyptians who had enslaved them. Another instance of negative revelation would be the Ten Plagues which preceded the Exodus, as the Egyptian enslavers were subjected to harsher and harsher punishments for the Pharaoh ´s refusal to free the Hebrews as their leader, Moses, demanded.

Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships Essay

Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships - Essay Example US system of government has become more and more federal as time has gone by. As federalism increases the nature of co-operation also changes between the different forms of government. A local government which depends on the provincial government for its existence would certainly be less demanding and more co-operative as compared to a local government which has been given constitutional status. In US federal governments have a right to make laws in variety of spheres. The congress can pass only certain laws related to certain fields specified in the constitution. However experts believe that this autonomy or freedom is mainly on paper than in practice. As federal government control the purse strings they have the power to convince local governments to follow model bills prepared by the congress. In some areas these powers are beneficial but may also be prove contrary to local benefits in some cases. This is probably the most important aspect of intergovernmental relations as a government interacts through their bureaucrats. At a particular point of time FBI is represented by the agent who is interacting with the LAPD.These officers can cause conflicts between two governments and can also make them very reactive to each other depending upon their personal rapport or enmity. One of the most important examples in the recent times of intergovernmental relation has been anti-terrorist inquiries. Some of these inquiries are carried out parallel by the both the FBI as well as state police. In major terrorist attack cases even the homeland security may be involved. Local police officers do not like any case which happens even their area to be transferred to the FBI. They see this as a personal insult. This lead to enmity between the forces and lead to an atmosphere of mistrust. It has been documented by various investigators that prior information about a 9/11 plot was

Theory Comparison Essay Example for Free

Theory Comparison Essay It has been a long established fact that man is a unique being. Not only is he different in his ethnic background, man also has variations in his behavioral pattern. Thus, man should be viewed and treated as an exclusive being. For a long time, Psychology can be said to have noticed this rather distinct attribute of man and have sought to understand man from this perspective. This they have attempted to do by proposing various theories that seek to tell us ways by which we should view the individual in the society. Notable pioneering leaders in the field of psychology, whose works and theories have greatly affected the growth of the field of study, are Sigmund Freud and Alfred Alder. These scholars propounded psychodynamic and Adlerian approaches to counseling respectively. Historically, both scholars lived during the same period and as expected, they were colleagues in the profession. Making a comparison of booth theories propounded by them, in counseling children, psychodynamic approach in counseling children and adolescents seeks to know the explanation of the behavioral pattern of the child while making an attempt to understand how the growth of children and adolescents can be affected by their experiences and relationship withy their caregivers. Psychodynamic approach also uses the dreams to infer probable disorders and based on this provide a course of treatment. On the other hand, Adlerian approach basis its therapy on the improvement of self-esteem. In counseling children and adolescent, the therapist encourages the patient or client in overcoming his or her inferiority complexes and self-centeredness. In addition to this, Adlerian approach seeks to help children to gain insight into their goals as well as ways of attaining them. In the counseling process, the counselor attempts to identify the fantasies that children and adolescent might have and also identify goals that are far from reach to the growing child. The counselor then attempts to redirect these goals so that they will not lead to other psychological disorders informed by the reality of not being able to achieve these goals. Because these theories are both theories in psychology, there are some aspects of these theories that are relatable. To begin with, both theories are psychoanalytic theories that aim at the same goal – which is to provide an answer to thinking or mental disorders. Apart from this, both psychodynamic and adlerain theories recognizes that people man sometimes have some desires that are higher than him. In the case of psychodynamic approach, counseling seeks to identify some disorders based on fantasies that the patient has built around himself/herself. In the case of Adlerian approach, the tool used deals with the identification of goals set that are higher than the patient or client which when not met tends to build frustration. However, Freud’s psychodynamic approach is based on the assumption that disorders can be attributed to one’s personal developmental experiences which causes unconscious conflicts that are directly responsible for the patient’s condition. On the other hand, in Adlerian approach, disorders are attributed to frustrations informed by inferiority complex. Apart from this, in diagnosing disorders, the method used in the psychodynamic approach is that of interpretation. Here, the therapist or physician listens to dreams, fantasies etc of the patient and seek to interpret the words of the patient. The physician seeks to link these dreams and fantasies as being the responsible for the present position of the patient. However, the method of diagnosis in Adlerian approach is not as interpretative as the psychodynamic approach. Also, the psychodynamic approach can be said to apply a â€Å"past looking† method in diagnosis while in the case of Adlerian approach it is a â€Å"becoming† or â€Å"forward looking† way of diagnosing. In addition to this, the techniques used are different. In the case of psychodynamic approach, different forms of interpretations are used. For instance, it uses transference interpretation, genetic interpretation, and dream interpretation to understand the condition of the patient. On the other hand, the Adlerian approach uses psychotropic medications to ease the overpowering fantasies, encouragement to stay live. It also uses motivation as a tool and seeks to build the patient’s superiority complex. Reference: Mitchell, S.A., Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books, New York

Urinary System Essays -- miscellaneous

Urinary System The urinary system has many different organs in order for it to work as a whole. Each organ does different functions. The urinary system consists of the two kidneys, the two ureters, the bladder, the two sphincter muscles, the nerves in the bladder, and the urethra. After your body takes what it needs from the food you eat waste products are then left behind in the blood. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. The urinary system removes urea from your body. Urea is made when the foods you eat that are high in protein are broken down in the body. Urea is then carried into the bloodstream to the kidneys by the renal arteries. The kidneys are bean shaped organs. They are a brownish-purplish sort of color. The outside of the kidneys are very tough, but smooth. This is described as a fibrous tunic. The outer part has millions of nephrons which are the basic unit of the kidney. The kidney is divided into two layers. The outer cortex and the medulla. When the outer cortex is stripped off you then get the medulla. The inside you have a thick mesh of muscular fibers. This is also smooth, and very even. It is very red in color, unlike the outside which is of brownish-purplish coloring. It is more red in color because it has tiny blood vessels. The kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen, on both sides of the vertebral column. An easier way to say that would be right below the ribs towards the middle of your back. The right kidney is usually lower in location than the left kidney because of where the liver is. Each kidney is about 11cm long, 6cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through a blood filtering unit called a nephron. There are more than 2 million nephrons in each kidney. The nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of your body. That mechanism maintains your water-salt balance, and it also regulates the amount of urea in your body. The blood enters the kidney through the bowmans capsule under pressure. This just surrounds the tuft of capillaries which is the glomerulus. The liquid just flows through the glomerulus under pressure. The pressure pushes the liquid out and keeps in the larger cells. This is filtration, because the glomerulus is taking the nutrients in and getting rid of the waste. After the filtering ... ...en view the bladder walls, and look for any signs of hemorrhages and damage. The treatment for IC is just to reduce the symptoms. There is no cure. You can treat it be oral drugs and changing your eating patterns. You treat it by nerve stimulants, and other drugs. Foods that are highly acidic and alcoholic, even salty will affect the flares of these pains. Considerations when a person has this disease is that they're in pain, and you can't make them do a lot of things. If they can't get up, then provide the best treatment you can by them laying down. A C.N.A will also have to watch their intake, to make sure the diet is still in affect so not to flare up any pains. Also, make sure they stop smoking because smoking is a major cause of bladder cancer. Do range of motion on the person with IC, because small exercise helps with relief of the symptoms. You may also do bladder training with your patient, to help them not use the bathroom so frequently. The training method is keep a schedule of when they should urinate, and stick to the schedule. If they have to go before then find a distraction to help them not think about it. If worse comes to worse, surgery is a possible answer too.

Beowulf: The History of Grendel :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Grendel was the embodiment of all that was evil and dark. Before Grendel was a monster, his name was Lednerg. He was described as a monster, demon, and a fiend. Terrible events occurred to Grendel to transform him into a horrible monster. Lednerg had a very weird childhood. He did not have any siblings. Throughout his childhood, Lednerg endured many insults directed to him and his family. His parents were also second cousins. He was always the last to finish his homework. During his early years, sports were not very kind to Lednerg. His only friend was Adolf. Adolf was extremely smart, and he was blessed with great sporting abilities. Whenever Lednerg was in a pensive mood, Adolf always brought joy to him. Lednerg’s education ended when his mom got in a verbal assault with the school president. With lack of sufficient education, Lednerg made many stupid decisions in his life. Since Lednerg did not attend school anymore, his parents forced him to get a job. Lednerg worked for Natas, who owned a football team, as a water boy. All the football players made fun of everything that Lednerg did at work. In the beginning, Lednerg did not get discouraged; in fact, Lednerg worked extra hard to make sure the water was at perfect temperature for drinking. Unfortunately, one of the players made fun of Lednerg’s mom. Something in Lednerg’s mind went off, and he tackled the player with all his strength. Natas saw Lednerg’s potential; however, he knew he needed to have full control of Lednerg. Natas separated Lednerg from his family by killing all his relatives. Natas told Lednerg that he needed to be angrier to be a better football player. During one of the football games, Lednerg hit the opponent in the head after the play was over. After staying a few days in the Intensive Care Unit, he died. Lednerg felt very upset at what he had done, but Natas told him that it was not his fault. At this time, Adolf was also on the football team. Natas told Lednerg that if by some chance Adolf was hurt, then all the glory would be his. The next day, Adolf was found dead. Lednerg had so many thoughts going through his head about everything he had done.

Assignment Psycholgical approaches

On a moral practical everyday life modeling is an excellent way of helping patient overcome with anxiety. For example a nurse found out that children in hospital suffer from reduce stress and they recover quickly from surgery if the treatment that they are about to have are modeled for example using films and video tapes. The psychotic Approach – understanding challenging behavior by a basic tenant of this perspective is that the most of the behavior is driven by unconscious forces.It is therefore very important to recognize the way we might not be able to understand behavior if we were using questions and answering techniques as the individual may not know what is troubling them and it is nesters to delve a deeper and try to interpret the behavior on the assumption that the behavior is in some way a symptom of what is going on in the unconscious mind. The Social Learning Theory – promotion of anti- discriminatory behavior and practices has been discussed earlier that t he way people can learn new behavior by observing others.First they note down the model that is influenced whether we like to imitate the behavior or not. For example of a model who is a very famous celebrity called the late princess Diana and when she came to the hospital to visit a patient who had HIVE and AIDS at the hospital in 1987 she shaded that patients hand who had AIDS and not only broke a tattoo on the subject but she also helped to remove a great deal of prejudice and misunderstanding about the illness. The use of positive role model in health and social care is education campaign and this explains the role model that can be played with powerful part of behavior.For example Jamie Oliver he has an image impact in terms of getting local authorities to introduce cooked school meals which were much less healthy. The Humanistic Approach – empathy is a very crucial feature of this approach to helping others to develop empathy. It is very common like sympathy where we fe el sorry for someone and we require to really listen to the emotions and respect them for who they are. This is not always very easy as we don't understand why someone feels so bad about an issue that we could easily dismiss.True empathy requires us to put aside the problem about another person and all we could do is put ourselves in their shoes. Rather like empathy understanding importance when applying this perspective to health and social care practice. Rogers often refers to more than just understanding an intellectual level. This is a major barrier to understanding and it will help the client or the patient instead we need to listen carefully to what is being said and ask questions to the problem.The Cognitive Approach – supporting individuals with learning difficulties who can experience enormous frustration in their daily lives as they feel to make sense to what we can experience. The cognitive approach can be used to help people who do not understand the situation. Th is could be by identifying irritation thoughts as an individual and can be guided to change them with consequent benefit for their emotion and behavior.Cognitive word of this type can be improved by self esteem and increase Outbursts which may be affected by a lack Of understanding Of the equipment of a given situation for example having to wait for a meal. Supporting individuals with emotional problems is widely used with individuals with a variety of emotional problems. This perspective begins by examining how the negative thought influenced feelings which then lead to changing in behavior. Supporting individuals with depression is a psychologist called Aaron Beck who has a formulated a helpful approach to understanding depression known as a cognitive behavior therapy.The pattern of the behavior is common to suffering from depression and is described as a cognitive triad. This then generates to a conviction that the world contains problems and difficulties that the individual is p owerless to overcome. The goal of the cognitive therapy is to challenge these negatives Houghton and to encourage the patient to develop alternative and more positive ways of seeing the world. Supporting individuals with post traumatic stress disorder -? This disorder consists of a group of symptoms as outlined below.This is commonly experienced by soldiers but are also experienced by others who have undergone a traumatic experience such as rape which is too much for them to bear. Traumatic events: Nightmares, flashbacks, recall of the event and fireworks. Avoidance events: The person tries to avoid thinking about the trauma and brings it back to the mind so the person may not be blew to remember anything. Increased arousal: difficulties falling or staying asleep, concentrating, hyperactive and exaggerated response.The Biological Approach -? Understanding developmental norms and they are developed by Arnold Sell for an assessment scale to enable judgment to be made about a child's b ehavior and understanding the matter Of their age and this is composed to the child's goal against their scores at an earlier age to determine the development. These are the three overlapping stages at which development can be measured. Between two and a half years of age Between four and six years old Between six and nine years old. Understanding the effects of shift work on individuals When we are working shifts especially at night we tend to find that there are certain times when we are feeling overwhelmed and urging to sleep while we should be working. Those unpleasant physical effects occur because of disruptions to circadian biological rhythms. Cardiac rhythms have given a cycle of physiological bodily process which laps force between 24 and 25 hours. For example our core body temperature which follows the level of alertness. For most people the lowest core temperature is 36. Degree Celsius and the very highest is 37. 2 degrees Celsius. The core body temperature falls over the course of the day. This is why we feel sleepy. Shift workers on an evening shift have to be awake and function at night with a high level when their body temperature is dropping the lowest telling us that they want to go to sleep. Therefore they need to sleep on time and return home on time when their body clock is telling them to be alert. The brain is also involved in leap and this is called the pineal gland and this is responsible for production of the hormone melatonin.As it gets darker the light levels increases between 8 and 10 these levels increase within 2 hours beginning to fall from 2. References Circadian rhythms www'. Guardian. Co. UK/science/2004/DCE/04/locators. Health Cognitive behavioral therapy www. Respects. AC. UK Sell assessment scale vim. Guiltlessness. Org MI Role model can be used within the new therapy and counseling centre in my locality is for example a nurse is expected to be on a high level standard of aroma and competent so where as we might aspect a su rgeon to be similarly level headed competent who would be expecting to a particular warmth.The people that would benefit from it is a group of individuals who have a particular culture or society who will get influenced by others and this will work by helping the therapy and counseling for leading us to adopt certain roles and try to live up to that role to the expectation that goes with the role. The humanistic approach can be used within the new therapy and counseling centre in my locality by for example by looking at human experiences from their viewpoint of my individuals of groups by focuses on their ideas of free will and believing that my group of individuals can make their own choices.This can work by their hierarchy of needs to progress through each level before making SSL_Jeer they meet all their individual needs. Advantages of my two perspectives are that one of my perspective is about influencing on people's role model by observing and changing behavior to the role model according to their jobs and expectations in the health and social; care setting and adopting it later it later in life and my other respective looks at my individuals needs like the importance in their diet and making sure they meet it and to understand why they need to meet their humanistic needs.

The history of radiation therapy machines Essays

The history of radiation therapy machines Essays The history of radiation therapy machines Essay The history of radiation therapy machines Essay Prior to the advent of ionizing particle beams, medicine had few options for treating some malignant and benign diseases. Physicians needs for new techniques to address these problems formed a vacuum, clearly demonstrated immediately following the discovery of X-rays in November 1895. By the first few months of 1896, X-rays were being used to treat skin lesions prior to any understanding of the beams physical or biological characteristics. The driving force was, of course, patients overwhelming need of treatment for uncontrollable and debilitating diseases. Radiation medicine developed over four major eras: the era of discovery, from R intents discovery to about the late sass; the orthoclase era, from the late o sass through World War II; the megavolt era, which began with higher-energy lanais for therapy in the sass, and, with refinements such as intensity-modulated X- ray therapy (IMMIX), is still ongoing. Within this scheme, the roots of BIT fall into the third or megavolt phase, with the first treatment of humans in 1954. J. M. Slater Department of Radiation Medicine, Loam Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson street, SSP A-OHIO, Loran Linda, CA 92354, USA e-mail: [emailprotected] Lump. Du U. Line (deed. ), Ion Beam Therapy, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engagement, DOI 10. 1007/978-3-642-21414-1 1, Springer-Average Berlin Heidelberg 2012 3 4 These eras represent a continuum rather than a succession of distinct periods, but are a convenient way to assess the evolution of ART and BIT as a sophisticated part of it. In each era, the fundamental impetus for improvements came from patients needs for effective disease control while retaining or improving quality of life. These needs aroused the curiosity of physicians, physicists, and biologists, who, in their own ways in each of the eras, performed studies aimed at better understanding the tools they were working with and learning how to use them optimally for patients benefit. A kind of teamwork occurred in all of the eras, although often no formal teams existed; an overarching goal better patient treatment guided the efforts. The development of ion beams is part of this process. 1. 1. 1 The Discovery Era During this period of 30-35 years, the roots of ART were established. This era saw the coverer of the atom and various subatomic and electromagnetic particles; investigators strove to learn how to use them therapeutically. The salient discovery was R intents in 1895 [1], although X-rays were produced o earlier if unwittingly by others [2]. His report was followed soon by Becquerels on the phenomenon of radioactivity [3] and, in 1898, by that of the Curies on the discovery of radium [4]. Becquerel and Curie reported on the physiologic effects of radium rays in 1901 [5]. Such discoveries stimulated speculation that radioactivity could be used to treat disease [6]; indeed, X-rays were used to treat a patient with areas cancer in January 1896 [7]. By 1904, ART texts were available [8, 9]; reports of the use of X-rays and radium (characterize) occurred throughout the first decade of the twentieth century. In retrospect, it is clear that lack of knowledge of the biological effects and mechanisms of actions of the new rays led to much morbidity and poor cancer control [10]. However, such outcomes led physicians to ponder better modes of delivery; radiologists to study the effects of the rays on cells; and physicists to investigate the properties of these newly discovered radiations. Physics research led o the discovery of radioactive isotopes, which later were used for interactivity and interstitial therapy; the same research led ultimately to an understanding of the structure of the atom. As the era progressed, biologists began to understand the relationship between time and dose on cell survival. A crucial discovery occurred when Regard [1 1] and Couture [12] studied alternative ways of delivering the total radiation dose. Until that time, treatment was generally administered in one or a few large doses. Regard demonstrated that fractionated therapy would eradicate cooperativeness rearmament; Couture later showed that applying external beam therapy similarly could control head and neck cancer without the severe reactions and late effects that single large doses caused. These findings established that normal cells are better 1 From X-Rays to Ion Beams: A Short History of Radiation Therapy able to recover from radiation injury than cancer cells and led radiation therapists to employ dose fractionation. During this era also, Coolidge developed a practical X-ray tube, allowing physicians to deliver higher-energy X-rays (180-200 xv) to deeper tumors [13]. Until then, X-rays ere used mainly to treat superficial tumors. High-voltage transformers were also developed. Subsequently, physicists and engineers developed techniques to better measure the dose of radiation with X-rays. The path to charged-particle therapy begins with Ernest Rutherford, whose work spurred understanding of atomic structure. Rutherford explained radioactivity as the spontaneous disintegration of atoms; he helped determine the structure of the atom; and he was the first to note that one element could be converted to another. A complete bibliography of Rutherford works is available online, as part of a impressive site devoted to him [14]. The reader is referred to that source for publications relating to discoveries noted herein. In 1896, Rutherford began to use X-rays to initiate electrical conduction in gases; he repeated the study with rays from radioactive atoms after Becquerels discovery. In 1898, he discovered that two separate types of emissions came from radioactive atoms; he named them alpha and beta rays, the latter of which were shown to be electrons. He showed that some heavy atoms decay into lighter atoms, and in 1907 demonstrated that the alpha particle is a helium atom stripped of its electrons. He and Geiger developed a method to detect single particles emitted by radioactive atoms. He investigated whether alpha particles were reflected from metals, discovering that some alpha rays were scattered directly backward from a thin film of gold; a massive yet minute entity, the atomic nucleus, turned back some alpha particles. In 1911, Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom. One of his students, Nielsen Boor, placed the electrons in stable formation around the atomic nucleus; the Rutherford-Boor model of the atom, with later modifications, became tankard, and Rutherford scattering is still used today in basic and applied research. Wilhelm Wine, in 1898, had identified a positively charged particle equal in mass to the hydrogen atom. In 1919, Rutherford demonstrated that nitrogen under alphabetical bombardment ejected what appeared to be nuclei of hydrogen; a year later, he equated the hydrogen nucleus with the charged entity that Wine had discovered. He named it the proton. The discovery of X-rays, then gamma rays, then the structure of the atom with electrons, protons, and neutrons marked the first era. It was one of physical and illogical experimentation to determine and understand the characteristics of the newly discovered beam and the effects of such rays on cells and tissues. Especially following the work of Rutherford, radioactive elements were also identified and diligently studied, as well. As treatment began with these new types of radiation prior to adequate knowledge of their characteristics and effects, errors were made and patients were injured. However, as knowledge and understanding increased during this era, two major divisions of radiation medicine diagnosis and therapy were developing; reared, some of them successfully. 1. 1. 2 The Orthoclase Era The period from roughly the late sass to 1950 encompasses this era. Patients needs for treatment of deep tumors were addressed largely by radium-based interactivity and interstitial irradiation, in the absence of deeply penetrating external beam sources. It was also a transitional period: physical developments that led t o superlative (apron. 500 xv-2 NV) ART were being made [15]. During the sass, advances in physics and engineering led to increased understanding of subatomic particles and techniques for energize and focusing them. The first superlative X-ray tubes, built by Coolidge [16], were the basis of the linear accelerator, developed by Widere in 1927 and described in a German Journal in 1928. E. O. Lawrence, despite knowing little German, used Widerex.s equations and drawings to conceptualize the cyclotron [17]. By the late sass, particle accelerators began to be constructed. Following the invention of the linear accelerator, devices operating on the principle of applying a potential difference were developed by Van De Graff in 1929 [18] and by Cockcrows and Walton in 1932 [19, 20]. The cyclotron, also based on the principle of applying a difference in potential, was invented in 1930 by Lawrence and Livingston [21]. At Lawrence laboratories at the University of California, Berkeley, accelerated particles were used to bombard atoms of various elements, forming, in some cases, new elements. Lawrence brother, John, a physician, along with Robert Stone, pioneered neutron radiation for medical treatments [22]. Electron beam therapy became a practical and useful therapeutic option in 1940, when Serest developed the beetroot [23, 24]. The first machine produced 2 Move electrons; later devices yielded up to 300 Move. Medical research in particle therapy was largely sidelined during World War II, but high-energy physics investigations were spurred, notably in the effort to develop an atomic bomb. Some who worked on it, notably Robert R. Wilson, became instrumental in the development of 1ST. One major advance during this period was the synchrotron, conceived independently and at about the same time (1944-1945) by Vessels in the Soviet Union and McMillan in the United States. McMillan gave priority to Vessels [25]. The central concept was phase stability, by which high energies could be achieved without the need to build ever larger cyclotrons. Phase stability became the basis for all heightening proton and electron accelerators thereafter. More importantly for medical use, the synchrotron made it easier to vary the energy of acceleration and thus the depth of penetration in tissue needed for optimal radiation treatments. The first, the Commotion at Brookhaven National Laboratory, began operation in 1952 [17]. 1. 1. 3 Megavolt Era noted, in some respects it is still in progress. A major advance, in response to 7 the continuing need to treat tumors located in deep tissues, was the development of ball telegraphy machines and megavolt linear electron accelerators. Cobalt telegraphy was capable of producing beams equivalent to approximately 1. 3 NV X- rays. Electron lanais began to become clinically available as early as the mid sass [26], but widespread application occurred in the sass and sass. Their higher energies (4-6 Move in earlier machines; 10-20 Move in later units) made possible increased depth of penetration, greater skin sparing, and improved disease-control rates, which often doubled or tripled, through delivery of higher doses [27, 28]. There as still a major limitation, however, because the radiation sources, X-rays or gamma rays (cobalt), were difficult to control as they passed through tissue: they scattered laterally and passed beyond their targets, exiting patients opposite the point of entry and causing excessive radiation in normal tissues surrounding the tumors. To overcome this, radiation oncologists and medical physicists developed multiplied treatment plans to spread unwanted radiation to larger volumes of normal tissue, thereby reducing the high dose to any one region. This tactic helped to reduce visible effects, but also increased the total dose delivered to normal tissues (volume integral dose). Doses sufficient to control many tumors were still unattainable because of continued acute complications and late effects caused by injury to normal tissues. During this era, radiation medicine advanced as a discipline. Well-designed clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of modern methods of delivering ART. One of the earliest was done by Gilbert Fletcher at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital; it demonstrated clearly that megavolt treatment resulted in improved survival in cancer of the uterine cervix [29]. The founding of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiologists (ASTRAY) in 1966 (originally the American Club of Therapeutic Radiologists, founded in 1958) occurred partly as a means of encouraging careful studies such as those done by Fletcher. As time progressed, radiation therapists began to emphasize themselves primarily as radiation oncologists; in 1983, the organization became the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTOR) [30]. In many respects, the megavolt era is still in progress, although the development of higher-energy electron accelerators is quite mature. In recent years the emphasis in photon ART has been on conformal techniques, featuring computerized control and approaches such as IMMIX. The intent, as has been true throughout the megavolt era, is to deliver a more effective dose to the target volume while reducing the dose to tissues that do not need to be irradiated. One might think of it as the multipart approach brought to its logical conclusion; indeed, the approach was anticipated by rotational arc therapy, popular for a time in the sass and sass. IMMIX can conform the high dose to the target volume, but the modality employs a greater number of imposed of photons; their absorption characteristics in tissue remain unchanged. 8 1. 1. 4 The Era of Ion Beams The groundwork for BIT was laid in 1946 when Robert R. Wilson wrote the landmark paper in which he proposed that protons accelerated by machines such as Lawrence could be used for medical purposes as well as scientific investigations [31]. In a conversation with the author, Wilson said that his insight was inspired by the medical work that Lawrence and Stone had done at Berkeley. In the immediate postwar years, higher-energy accelerators were Just becoming available. Wilson seasoned that protons, among the charged particles, offered the longest range for a given energy and were then the simplest and most practical for medical use. Willows interest in the medical use of protons never ceased. When he was selected as first director of the National Accelerator Laboratory (later Ferreira), he encouraged the idea of a proton treatment facility. In 1972, Ferreira investigators proposed such a facility. However, physicians in the Chicago area advocated a neutron facility at the laboratory instead. After Wilson resigned the directorship in 1978, others at Ferreira, mongo them Miguel Shallow, Donald Young, and Philip Lividly, continued to believe in a patient-dedicated proton facility. The first clinical use of a proton beam occurred at Berkeley in 1954 [32]; limited investigation proton treatment lasted for a few years afterward, until Berkeley scientists, notably Cornelius A. Tibias, began investigating biologically similar helium ions. Tibias was a nuclear physicist who, early in his career, became interested in applying physics to biology and medicine. His fundamental research interest was on the effects of ionizing radiation on living ells, and he, like Wilson, foresaw the advantages of therapeutic ion beams long before most radiation oncologists did [33, 34]. Proton therapy (OPT) began to spread to other physics laboratories around the world. The second use of a physics research accelerator for OPT occurred in Pascal, Sweden in 1957. Physicians at MGM, led by a neurosurgeon, Raymond Goldberg, began employing protons in 1961 for neurological radiographers; pituitary adenoma were first so treated at Harvard in 1963 [35], followed by fractionated OPT for other malignant tumors in 1973 [36, 37], under the leadership of Herman D. Suit. Proton beam therapy began at Audubon, Russia (then USSR), in 1967; subsequently, other Russian facilities began operating at Moscow in 1969 and at SST. Petersburg in 1975. The Japanese experience began in 1979, at Chief; another facility opened at Tissues in 1983. At the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (now the Paul Scorcher Institute), OPT commenced 1985 [38]. The development of the worlds first hospitals of data output from the computer-assisted treatment planning systems developed at LUMP in the sass. The image from the first (ultrasound) planning system, for a patient treated in 1973, is shown at left; a planning image from the second LUMP system, which employed CT scans, is shown at right for a patient treated in 1978. In addition to reproduction of the patients anatomy, the CT- based system allowed assessment of density variations as the X-ray beams passed through tissue particle beams (CB. Chap. 34 for details). Industry provided sufficient computer competence and the needed imaging technology by the early sass. LUMP investigators began developing the concepts needed for computer-assisted radiation treatment planning in the late sass and completed the first unit, utilizing ultrasonically, in the early sass [39]. In the mid-sass, this was converted to a CT- based unit, using one of the first GE scanners developed (Fig. . 1). This system provided electron density data, which made possible placement of the Bragg peak precisely within the designated treatment volume [40]. Michael Gotten at MGM expanded the planning system to three-dimensional capabilities, thus providing excellent treatment-planning capabilities for heavy charged particles [41, 42]. The establishment of such planning systems provided one of the essential prerequisites for proton (and other heavy charged-particle) ART [43]. By 1984, all prerequisites for establishing optimal ion beam facilities for clinical use were in place. This was clearly agonized by some of the staff at Ferreira and at the MGM and LUMP departments of radiation medicine. The author approached the leadership of Ferreira, Deputy Director Philip V. Lividly and Director Leon M. Alderman, who agreed to provide Ferreira support for developing a conceptual design for such a clinical facility; to continue with development of an engineering design; and to produce the accelerator, beam transport, and beam delivery systems for LUMP to begin OPT clinical trials (Figs. 1. 2 and 1. 3). A major turning point in OPT, therefore, occurred in 1990, with the opening of he worlds first hospital-based proton treatment center at LUMP. This event occurred more than 20 years after the author and colleagues began to investigate and work toward developing such a facility [44, 45]. Protons were selected as the particle of choice at LUMP because the relatively low LET of protons as compared to that of heavier ions would allow selective 10 Fig. 1. 2 Leon Alderman, Ph. D. , Director of Ferreira from 1979 to 1989; recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988. In 1986, Dry. Alderman approved Forelimbs collaboration with LUMP in developing the worlds first hospital-based proton reattempt center destruction of the invasive cancer cells growing among normal cells, as had been demonstrated for many years and documented by the worldwide data from using photons (X-rays). By this period, the ROBE was known to be very similar for the two kinds of radiation. Loam Linda investigators realized that optimal applications and accumulation of meaningful clinical data could be made only in a facility designed to support patient needs and to operate within a medical environment, with access to a large patient volume and the supporting services available in a medical center. To date, over 15,000 patients have been treated at LUMP. Protons were not the only particles investigated for therapy. In the sass and sass, some physicists and radiation biologists were enthusiastic about the therapeutic possibilities of negative pi-mesons and ions heavier than the hydrogen nucleus. It was then not a given in the minds of many that the particle employed most commonly would be the proton. Basing their suggestions on the pinion capture phenomenon, Fowler and Perkins proposed pi-mesons for clinical use [46]. Pinions were expected to become clinically ascribable [47], and trials were conducted at three centers: Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Paul Scorcher Institute in Switzerland, and TRITIUM, in British Columbia, Canada. Although some successful outcomes were reported [48-50], in general, the anticipated clinical outcomes did not materialize. 11 Fig. 1. 3 Two Ferreira personnel who helped make the hospital-based proton center at LUMP a reality. Philip Lividly (left) was Deputy Director of the laboratory in 1986, when the decision was made to proceed with the center. Lividly had been a colleague of Robert Wilson; he shared Willows commitment to proton therapy. Lee Tent, Ph. D. Right), shown with the Loam Linda proton synchrotron under construction in the late sass, was the chief designer of the accelerator Helium ion therapy was begun at Berkeley by Tibias and colleagues in 1957 [51]; some notable outcomes supervened [52-54]. Clinical studies with heavier ions were begun by Joseph R. Castro and associates in 1974 [55, 56]; Tibias elucidated the molecular and cellular radiology of the particles [57]. Advantages of heavy ions, though appealing theoretically, were not well-understood clinically; the Berk eley studies were undertaken partly to help develop this understanding. Several trials notably specialized indications such as bone sarcomas and bile duct carcinomas [58- 60]. However, the cost of developing and delivering heavy ions eventually could not be Justified by the relatively limited patient experience, as had been true in the pinion trials [61]. Studies of heavy ions shifted to Japan and Germany, under the leadership of such individuals as Horopito Tutsis at Chief and Gerhard Kraft at Dramatic. Today, several ion beam facilities operate around the world, including facilities in the United States, Japan, Germany, Russia, France, Canada, China, England, Italy, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, and Switzerland. Most centers offer protons, but carbon ion therapy is available at HIM (Chief) and HIBACHI (Tattoos) in Japan, and at HIT (Heidelberg), in Germany. The two latter centers offer both protons and carbon ions [62]. Thousands have been treated to date with carbon ion therapy [63, 64], but Kickoff and Line note that systematic experimental studies to find the optimum ion have not yet been pursued [65]. They speculate that ions with atomic numbers greater than 6 are unlikely to undergo a clinical revival, but those with atomic numbers between 1 and 6 may be alternatives to carbon. 1. 2 Perspective The development of 18TH was a response to the need to preserve normal tissue as much as possible, so as to lessen the side effects and complications that often barred delivery of sufficient dose levels to control tumors, even in the mature megavolt era. Investigations by physicists and radiation biologists from the sass to the sass pointed to the supe riority of charged particles in comparison to photon and neutron beams. Both Wilson and Tibias told the author that they found it easier to explain and demonstrate the advantages of protons and other ions to fellow scientists than to physicians. As evidence mounted, however, some physicians recognized the physical attributes of ions and were able to understand how these attributes would translate into clinical advantages beneficial to patients. From the clinicians point of view, the advantages ultimately rested on the fact that ion beams are precisely controllable in three dimensions, while photon and neutron beams are less controllable in two dimensions and are uncontrollable in the third. The controllability of ion beams, in the hands of skillful physicians, provides a superior tool for cancer therapy and for dealing with difficult-to-treat benign sissies. Curing patients who have solid tumors requires controlling those tumors at their site or region of origin. Normal-tissue damage, whether occasioned by surgical trauma or effects of radiation or chemotherapy, restricts the ability to ablate malignant cells. Keeping the volume integral dose to normal tissues as low as possible is a fundamental issue in radiation medicine. Rubin and Creates demonstrated that there is no safe radiation dose, in terms of avoiding sequel in irradiated normal tissues [66]. Later, Rubin and colleagues noted a cascade of cytokines in mouse fibrosis [67]. Biological studies are now commonly finding other injury mechanisms. Research, therefore, is always ongoing to develop new techniques to overcome these imposed limitations of normal-cell damage. Proton and other charged-particle beams are one outcome of such research. Any radiation beam, regardless of the basic particle employed, can destroy any cancer cell or any living entity if the dose is high enough. Historically, therefore, the limiting factor in radiation medicine has been the normal cell and the need to avoid irradiating normal tissues, so as to permit normal-tissue repair and avoid reattempt-compromising side effects. This was the fundamental reason behind dose fractionation and multipart techniques. During the early years of radiation medicine, the major problem of practitioners was their inability to focus the invisible radiation beam precisely on the invisible tumor target. Improvements in imaging technologies, along with computer-assisted, CT-based radiation treatment planning, enabled radiation oncologists to deliver precision external-beam radiation treatments to any anatomic site. This advance was limited, however, because conformity with photon beams, which has reached a high degree 3 Fig. . 4 An example of improved controllability needed to spare normal tissues from unnecessary radiation. A 3-field proton plan (left) is compared with a 6-field IMMIX plan for treating a large liver cancer. Both modalities effect similar high-dose coverage of the clinical target volume (red outline), but the superior controllability of the proton beam enables the physician to avoid most of the normal liver tissue receiving low-dose irradiation in the IMMIX plan of precision with IMMIX, requires a trade-off: an increased normal-tissue volume integral dose. Ion beams forming a Bragg peak offer a means to achieve the needed increased conformity I. E. , sparing a greater volume of normal tissue (Fig. 1. 4) because of their charge and increased mass. Physicians using ion beams can now plan treatments to place the Bragg peak in targeted tissues and avoid unacceptable normal-tissue effects. Such capability is facilitated not only by precision therapy planning but also by precision positioning and alignment (CB. Chaps. 33 and 34). This creates a new focus for research and development in the upcoming era. Included in this era, one can expect studies on cell organelle effects with each particle and delivery technique used, and ultimately, biological dosimeter to be developed and merged with physical dosimeter for further improvements in treatment planning. We can also expect to use much more optical imaging fused with our more conventional imaging techniques to better understand the physiological attributes and biological effects of targeted cells and nearby normal cells following treatment. In future years, this increased understanding of cell physiology should help provide a more reasonable rationale for selecting the particle